Conversion

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ASCII version of diacritical marks for Pali and Sanskrit used on this site are listed below:

• Long vowels are doubled: aa, ii, uu.
• Other diacritics precede the letters marked by them, so:
  • vowels: .r .l
  • retroflex consonants: .t .th .d .dh .n
  • retroflex sibilant: .s
  • palatal sibilant: "s
  • palatal nasal: ~n
  • guttural nasal: "n
  • anusvara: .m
  • visarga: .h

Examples: nirvaa.na, vi~n~naa.na.